这些化学男神，你知道几个？Let's take stock of these chemical gods.
在悠久的化学科学发展长河中，出现过许多对这一学科发展做出突出贡献的人物，他们就如颗颗璀璨的明星照亮了化学科学的天幕，平时你耳熟能详的化学元素、每天都在接触的生活用品，背后都有这些化学先驱的身影。今天我们就来盘点下，这些化学男神，你知道几个？
In the long history of the development of chemical
science, there have been many outstanding contributions to the development of
this discipline; they are like a bright star illuminating the canopy of
chemical science. Usually people are familiar with the chemical elements that
are in contact with the daily necessities of life, unaware of chemical pioneers
that led us to them. Today we will take stock of these chemical gods.
1、 “近代化学奠基者”：波义耳 ("Founder of Modern Chemistry": Boyle)
波义耳（1627年1月25日－1691年12月30日），英国化学家。他把严密的实验方法引入化学，使化学成为一门以实验为基础的学科；他把化学从炼金术和医药学中分离出来，使化学成为一门阐明化学过程和物质构造的科学；他还提出了确切的元素定义，使化学有了特定的研究对象。
Boyle (25 January 1627-30 December 1691) was an English
chemist. He introduced rigorous experimental methods into chemistry and made
chemistry a subject based on experiments. He separated chemistry from alchemy
and medicine and made chemistry a science that elucidates chemical processes
and the structure of matter. He also proposed the exact definition of the
element, giving chemistry a specific object to study.
PS:一次偶然的机会，波义耳发现一种叫石蕊的地衣类植物，酸能使它的紫色浸液变红，碱又可以使它变蓝。波义耳把纸放入石蕊浸液中，取出后晾干，制成石蕊试纸，它遇酸溶液显红色，遇碱溶液显蓝色。我们至今都在使用的PH试纸就这样诞生了。
By chance,
Boyle found a lichen-like plant called litmus. Acid can make its purple dip
red, alkali can make it blue. Boyle put the paper into the litmus dip, removed
and dried, making litmus test paper. It shows red in acid solutions and blue in
alkali solutions. This is how the PH test paper we use today was born.
2、“现代化学之父”：拉瓦锡（ "Father of modern chemistry": Lavoisier）
拉瓦锡（1743年8月26日－1794年5月8日），法国化学家、生物学家。拉瓦锡之于化学，犹如牛顿之于物理学。拉瓦锡发现了化学反应的基本定律——质量守恒定律。拉瓦锡创立“氧化说”以解释燃烧等实验现象，指出动物的呼吸实质上是缓慢氧化。这些贡献使得他被后世尊称为“现代化学之父”。
Lavoisier (26 August 1743-8 May 1794)
was a French chemist and biologist. Lavoisier is to chemistry what Newton is to
physics. Lavoisier discovered the fundamental law of chemical reactions, the
law of conservation of mass. Lavoisier created the "oxidation theory"
to explain experimental phenomena such as combustion, pointing out that animal
respiration is essentially a slow oxidation. These contributions led to him
being called "the father of modern chemistry".
PS:拉瓦锡提出了“元素”的定义，他使化学从定性转为定量，给出了氧与氢的命名，并且预测了硅的存在。他提出规范的化学命名法，撰写了第一部真正现代化学教科书《化学基本论述》。拉瓦锡提出了长度单位“米”和质量单位“千克”。
Lavoisier introduced the definition of an "element," moving chemistry from qualitative to quantitative, gave names to oxygen and hydrogen, and predicted the existence of silicon. He proposed a standardized nomenclature for chemistry and wrote the first truly modern textbook on chemistry, the Essential Treatise on Chemistry. Lavoisier also introduced the unit of length, the meter, and the unit of mass, the kilogram.
3、“元素周期表之父”的门捷列夫(Mendeleev,
the "Father of the Periodic Table".)
Mendeleev (February
7, 1834 - February 2, 1907) was a Russian chemist. On the basis of critically
inheriting the work of his predecessors, he discovered the periodicity of
chemical elements, and published the first periodic table of elements according
to atomic weight, including all 63 elements that had been discovered in the
table and initially completing the task of systemizing elements. He also left
gaps in the table, predicting unknown elements such as boron, aluminum, and
silicon. The chemical elements were finally arranged in a reasonable order.
PS:化学教科书后面都会附有一张元素周期表，这本身就是对一位科学家无以复加的赞誉。他的名著、伴随着元素周期律而诞生的《化学原理》，在十九世纪后期和二十世纪初，被国际化学界公认为标准著作，前后共出了八版，影响了一代又一代的化学家。
Chemistry textbooks have a periodic table at the back, which in itself is a great compliment to a scientist. His famous work, the "Principles of Chemistry," which was born with the periodic law of the elements, was recognized as a standard work by the international academic community in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, and a total of eight editions were published before and after, affecting generations of chemists.
4、“近代化学之父”：道尔顿 (Dalton, the
father of modern chemistry.)
道尔顿（1766年9月6日－1844年7月27日），英国化学家。近代原子论的提出者，开创了现代化学的理论视角和思维方式。他最先从事测定原子量工作，提出用相对比较的办法求取各元素的原子量，并发表第一张原子量表，为后来测定元素原子量工作开辟了光辉前景。
PS:由于道尔顿本人患有色盲症，这种病的症状让他开始研究这个课题，最终发表了有史以来第一篇关于色盲的论文《关于颜色视觉的特殊例子》。为了纪念他，又把色盲症叫做“道尔顿症”。
Dalton (September 6,
1766 - July 27, 1844) was an English chemist. He proposed modern atomic theory,
pioneering theoretical perspective and ways of thinking about modern chemistry.
He was the first to engage in the determination of atomic weight. He proposed
the use of relative comparisons to find the atomic weight of each element and
published the first atomic weight table, which opened up a bright future for
the subsequent determination of the atomic weight of the elements.
Since Dalton himself
suffered from color blindness, the symptoms of this disease led him to study
the subject, eventually publishing the first ever paper on color blindness,
"A Peculiar Example of Color Vision." In his honor, color blindness
is also called "Dalton's disease."
5、最广为人知的化学家：诺贝尔 (Most widely known chemist: Nobel)
诺贝尔（1833年10月21日－1896年12月10日），瑞典化学家、工程师、发明家和炸药的发明者。他冒着生命危险，发明了硝化甘油炸药、雷管、无烟火药、安全炸药，极大的推动了世界的发展。诺贝尔一生拥有355项专利发明，并在欧美等五大洲20个国家开设了约100家公司和工厂，积累了巨额财富。
PS：诺贝尔在他逝世的前一年，立嘱将其遗产的大部分(约920万美元)作为基金，将每年所得利息分为5份，设立物理、化学、生理或医学、文学及和平5种奖金(即诺贝尔奖)，授予世界各国在这些领域对人类作出重大贡献的人。
Nobel (October 21, 1833 - December 10,
1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, most notably of dynamite. At
the risk of his life, he invented nitroglycerin explosives, detonators,
smokeless gunpowder, and safety explosives, which greatly promoted the
development of the world. During his lifetime, Nobel owned 355 patents and accumulated
a huge fortune by opening about 100 companies and factories in 20 countries on
five continents, including Europe and the United States.
One year before his death, Nobel ordered the majority of his estate (about 9.2 million US dollars) as a fund, dividing the annual interest into five parts, physics, chemistry, physiology (or medicine), literature, and peace. This became the Nobel Prize, awarded to individuals around the world in these fields that have made great contributions to mankind.
6、“有机化学之父”：李比希("Father of Organic Chemistry": Lippisch)
李比希（1803年5月12日-1873年4月18日），德国化学家，他最重要的贡创立了有机化学。在有机化学和分析化学领域，发明了新的元素分析装置，极大的提高了有机化合物分析的精度和效率。并将有机化学知识应用于农业，指出植物中化学元素来源。在此基础上，首次提出使用化肥可以促进农作物生长。在营养学和生理学方面，李比希从化学角度分析了营养物质在体内的转化，并正确的推测出淀粉和糖可以转化为脂肪。
PS:现代化学的教学方法来自李比希的发明。他是首位把传统的化学教育与实验相结合，同时又把化学研究与技术开发相结合的人，李比希规定学生必须经过实验训练，从实验中学习化合物的定性和定量分析，掌握一系列实验技能后才能获得学位。因此李比希还被誉为历史上最伟大的化学教育家之一。
Liebig (May 12,
1803 - April 18, 1873) was a German chemist who founded organic chemistry. In
the field of organic and analytical chemistry, he invented a new device for
analyzing elements, which greatly improved the precision and efficiency of
analyzing organic compounds. He also applied the knowledge of organic chemistry
to agriculture, pointing out the sources of chemical elements in plants. On
this basis, it was first proposed that the use of chemical fertilizers could
promote crop growth. In nutrition and physiology, Liebig analyzed the
transformation of nutrients in the body from a chemical point of view and
correctly speculated that starch and sugar could be converted into fat.
The modern method of teaching chemistry came from Liebig's invention. He was the first to combine traditional chemistry education with experimentation, while also combining chemical research with technology development. Liebig stipulated that students must undergo experimental training, learn qualitative and quantitative analysis of compounds from experiments, and master a series of experimental skills before they could obtain a degree. For this reason Liebig is also known as one of the greatest chemistry educators in history.
7、电化学开拓者：戴维 (Electrochemical
Pathfinder: David)
戴维（1778年12月17日-1829年5月29日)），英国化学家、发明家，电化学的开拓者之一。他创立了电化学理论，开辟了用电解法制取金属元素的新途径。通过电解方式，分解了之前不能分解的苛性碱，发现了钾和钠，后来又制得了钡、镁、钙、锶等碱土金属，他发现了包括氯气、溴气和碘气等多种新气体。他因此被认为是发现元素最多的科学家。这些发现使得化学家们对元素的定义和分类有了更清晰的认识，也为元素周期表的建立打下了基础。
PS:戴维把能够导电并在电场中发生化学反应的电解质，并应用了电池和电解技术。他发明了电池装置，使化学能转化为电能，为电池技术的发展奠定了基础。
David (17 December
1778-29 May 1829) was an English chemist, inventor, and one of the pioneers of
electrochemistry. He founded the theory of electrochemistry and opened up a new
way to produce metal elements by electrolysis. Through electrolysis, he
decomposed the caustic alkali that could not be decomposed before, discovered
potassium and sodium, and later made alkali earth metals such as barium,
magnesium, calcium, and strontium. He also discovered a variety of new gases
including chlorine, bromine, and iodine. He is thus credited with discovering
more elements than any other scientist. These discoveries gave chemists a
clearer understanding of the definition and classification of elements, and
laid the foundation for the periodic table of elements.
Davy applied battery and electrolysis techniques to electrolytes that conduct electricity and react chemically in an electric field. He invented the battery device to convert chemical energy into electricity, laying the foundation for the development of battery technology.
8、立体化学开创者：范霍夫 (Pioneer of stereochemistry: van Hove)
范霍夫（1852年8月30日－1911年3月11日），荷兰化学家，1901年第一届诺贝尔奖获得者。他提出分子的空间立体结构的假说，首创“不对称碳原子”概念，以及碳的正四面体构型假说（又称范霍夫—勒·贝尔模型），这些观点成为立体化学的理论基础。
范霍夫通过对乳酸分子式和基团的研究，发现即使是同样的分子式也可能有不同的结构，有相同的基团，在三维空间中竟然因为空间位置的不同，也会有镜像的异构体。他将自己的理论发表，这篇论文被后世称为“立体化学”创立的奠基石！化学这门学科终于从二维的纸面上站起来了！
Van Hove (August 30, 1852 -
March 11, 1911) was a Dutch chemist and the first Nobel Prize winner in 1901.
He proposed the hypothesis of the spatial three-dimensional structure of
molecules, pioneered the concept of the "asymmetric carbon atom," and
the hypothesis of the orthotetrahedral configuration of carbon (also known as
the van Hoof-Le-Bel model), which became the theoretical basis of
stereochemistry.
Through his study of the
molecular formula and groups of lactic acid, Van Hove found that even the same
molecular formula may have different structures with the same groups, and
surprisingly, in three dimensions, because of the different spatial positions,
there are mirror-image isomers. He published his theory, which was later called
the cornerstone of the creation of "stereochemistry!" The discipline
of chemistry finally stood up from the two-dimensional paper!
你还知道哪些影响近现代化学发展的男神？留言区告诉我吧！What other men and women do you know who have influenced the development of modern chemistry? Let me know in the comments section!
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